Breastfeeding
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Babies who are breastfed are generally healthier and achieve optimal growth and development compared to those who are fed formula milk.
If the vast majority of babies were exclusively fed breastmilk in their
first six months of life – meaning only breastmilk and no other liquids or
solids, not even water – it is estimated that the lives of at least 1.2
million children would be saved every year. If children continue to be
breastfed up to two years and beyond, the health and development of millions
of children would be greatly improved.
World Breastfeeding Week 2012
1 to 7 August 2012
The World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) is the greatest outreach vehicle for the
breastfeeding movement, being celebrated in over 170 countries. Officially
it is celebrated from 1–7 August. However, groups may choose other dates to
make it a more successful event in their countries.
For more information on the theme, exciting activities & materials for
download, please visit the World
Breastfeeding Week website.
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Breastfeeding
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Protect against diseases through the promotion of
clear guidelines about proper feeding practices and the benefits of
immunity. Promote the practice of providing colostrum to the child within
the first half hour after birth, exclusive breastfeeding during the first
six months of a child’s life, with appropriate complementary feeding from
six months and continued breastfeeding for two years or beyond, with
supplementation of vitamin A and other micronutrients as needed. |
| Name: Promotion of Proper Breastfeeding Practices |
| Status: |
| Theme: Health Education to Mothers |
Region and Country: Maharashtra, India |
| Partners: |
Beneficiaries: |
| Funding Need: |
Budget: |
| Duration: |
Contact: |
Programme Activities:
A team of researchers will focus on some key points of investigation about why many (how many?) mothers in the state of Maharashtra are not practicing proper breastfeeding practices:
What is the general attitude about exclusive breastfeeding for the baby's first six months with complementary feeding for up to two years and providing colostrum within the first half hour after birth?
Are health care providers emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding and teaching mothers techniques on how and when to start breastfeeding their child immediately after the mother gives birth?
Are health care providers promoting something besides breastfeeding such as formula, glucose waters, or other mixtures to mothers for commercial or other purposes?
Are health care providers aware themselves of the nutritional and immunal (?) value of colostrum and that it is produced almost immediately following birth? Similarly, are health care providers aware that exclusive breast milk until a baby is six months old with complementary feeding for up to two years is the best food for a baby in almost all cases?
Why are some mothers not providing colostrum within the first half hour of a child's birth? Is there a lack of knowledge or confusion surrounding when they start producing colostrum and milk, and that they baby needs it within the first half hour? Are they fatigued from delivery and therefore not encouraged from family members or medical professionals to begin providing colostrum?
What are the reasons for some mothers not engaging in exclusive breastfeeding practices for 6 months with supplementary feeding for up to two years? Are they misguided by health professionals or cultural beliefs? Are they working, tired, or have a schedule that makes breastfeeding impossible? Are they producing enough milk and aware that a feeding child increases milk production? Is there a lack of knowledge or confusion about how and when to begin weaning a child from breastmilk and how to introduce supplementary feeding?
Intended Results:
Through a multi-tiered investigation of why all mothers are not partaking in
proper breastfeeding practices, programmes will be designed to target the causes
of the problem. The programmes will be targeted to reach and educate a
three-fold audience: mothers, health care providers, and the general public.
Programme Management and Implementation:
Messages will be provided to mothers, health care providers, and the general
public through training programmes, TV and radio broadcasts, and instructive
pamphlets. The materials designed for and used in the program will be pre-tested
to ensure clarity and success on a larger scale.
Programme Monitoring and Evaluation:
Initially programme monitoring will ensure that materials are reaching the
appropriate audiences, that broadcasts air when scheduled, and other technical
issues. Eventually, monitoring will check recall and the understanding of the
targeted audiences. Statistics on mothers providing colostrum to their baby
within the first half hour of birth and practicing exclusive breastfeeding for 6
months with complementary feeding for up to two years will be evaluated and
compared to statistics before programme implementation. The programme will be
revised and adapted as necessary.
Learning and Dissemination:
Related Resources:
Notes from the Field: Communication for Child Survival. Breastfeeding Practices
in Jordan: Designing Effective Messages by Anne H. Roberts and Renata Seidel
(51-68)
Page links
Breastfeeding the
first 6 months of life | Advantages of breastfeeding | Weaning a critical time for diarrhoea transmission
Breast Milk is best. Nothing that money can buy is as good for a
baby as breastfeeding.
- Initiation of Breastfeeding within the first hour of life,
- Exclusive Breastfeeding for six months,
- Timely Complementary Feeding with appropriate foods, and
- Continued Breastfeeding for Two Years and beyond.
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Breastfeeding - the first 6 months of life
Increasing optimal breastfeeding practices could save an estimated 1.5
million infant lives annually. Up to 55 percent of infant deaths from
diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infections may result from
inappropriate feeding practices. Optimal feeding for sustained child
health and growth includes initiation of breastfeeding within the first
hour of life, exclusive breastfeeding for six months, timely complementary
feeding with appropriate foods, and continued breastfeeding for two years
and beyond.
During the first 6 months of life, infants should be exclusively
breastfed. This means that the healthy baby should receive breastmilk and no other
fluids, such as water, teas, juice, cereal drinks, animal milk or formula. Exclusively
breastfed babies are much less likely to get diarrhoea or to die from it than are babies
who are not breastfed or are partially breastfed. Breastfeeding also protects against the
risk of allergy early in life, aids in child spacing and provides protection against
infections other than diarrhoea (e.g. pneumonia). Breastfeeding should be continued until
at least 2 years of age. The best way to establish the practice is to put the baby to the
breast immediately after birth and not to give any other fluids.
Advantages and Benefits of breastfeeding are listed below. Some or all of them
may be explained to mothers using simple language.
If breastfeeding is not possible, cow's milk or milk formula should be
given from a cup. This is possible even with very young infants. Feeding bottles and teats
should never be used because they are very difficult to clean and easily carry the
organisms that cause diarrhoea. Careful instructions should be given on the correct
preparation of milk formula using water that has been boiled briefly before use.
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Advantages and Benefits of Breastfeeding
- Saves Lives. Currently there are 9 million infant deaths a year.
Breastfeeding saves an estimated 6 million additional deaths from infectious
disease alone.
- Provides Initial Immunization. Breastmilk, especially the first milk (colostrum),
contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral agents that protect the infant
against disease, especially diarrhoea. These are not present in animal milk or formula.
Breastmilk also aids the development of the infant's own
immune system.
- Prevents Diarrhoea / Diarrhea. Diarrhoea is the leading cause of death among infants in
developing countries. Infants under two months of age who are not breastfed
are 25 times as likely to die of diarrhea than infants exclusively
breastfed. Continued breastfeeding during diarrhea reduces dehydration,
severity, duration, and negative nutritional consequences of diarrhea.
- Provides Complete and Perfect Nutrition. Breastmilk is a perfect food that cannot be
duplicated. It is more easily digested than any substitute, and it actually
alters in composition to meet the changing nutritional needs of the growing
infant. It provides all the nutrients and
water needed by a healthy infant during the first 6 months of life.
Formula or cow's milk may be too dilute (which reduces
its nutritional value) or too concentrated (so that it does not provide
enough water), and the proportions of different nutrients are not ideal.
- Maximizes a Child's Physical and Intellectual Potential. Malnutrition
among infants up to six months of age can be virtually eradicated by the
practice of exclusive breastfeeding. For young children beyond six months,
breastmilk serves as the nutritional foundation to promote continued
healthful growth. Premature infants fed breastmilk show higher developmental
scores as toddlers and higher IQs as children than those not fed breastmilk.
- Promotes the Recovery of the Sick Child. Breastfeeding provides a
nutritious, easily digestible food when a sick child loses appetite for
other foods. When a child is ill or has diarrhea, breastfeeding helps
prevent dehydration. Frequent breastfeeding also diminishes the risk of
malnutrition and fosters catch-up growth following illness.
- Supports Food Security. Breastmilk provides total food security for an
infant's first six months. It maximizes food resources, both because it is
naturally renewing, and because food that would otherwise be fed to an
infant can be given to others. A mother's milk supply adjusts to demand;
only extremely malnourished mothers have a reduced capacity to breastfeed.
- Bonds Mother and Child. Breastfeeding immediately after delivery encourages the
"bonding" of the mother to her infant, which has important emotional benefits
for both and helps to secure the child's place within the family.
Breastfeeding provides physiological and
psychological benefits for both mother and child. It creates emotional
bonds, and has been known to reduce rates of infant abandonment.
- Helps Birth Spacing. In developing countries, exclusive breastfeeding
reduces total potential fertility as much as all other modern contraceptive
methods combined. Mothers who breastfeed usually
have a longer period of infertility after giving birth than do mothers who
do not breastfeed.
- Benefits Maternal Health. Breastfeeding reduces the mother's risk of
fatal postpartum hemorrhage, the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and of
anemia. By spacing births, breastfeeding allows the mother to recuperate
before she conceives again.
- Saves Money. Breastfeeding is among the most cost-effective of child
survival interventions. Households save money; and institutions economize by
reducing the need for bottles and formulas. By shortening mothers' hospital
stay, nations save foreign exchange. There are none of the expenses associated with
feeding breastmilk substitutes (e.g. the costs of fuel, utensils, and special formulas,
and of the mother's time in formula preparation).
- Is Environment-friendly. Breastfeeding does not waste scarce resources
or create pollution. Breastmilk is a naturally-renewable resource that
requires no packaging, shipping, or disposal.
- Breastfeeding is Clean. It does not require the
use of bottles, nipples, water and formula which are easily contaminated with bacteria
that can cause diarrhoea.
- Milk intolerance is very rare in infants who take only breastmilk.
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BREASTFEEDING
Best for baby
Reduces incidence of
allergies
Economical - no waste
Antibodies - greater immunity to
infections
Stool inoffensive - never constipated
Temperature always correct and constant
Fresh milk - never goes sour in the
breast
Emotionally bonding
Easy once established
Digested easily within two to three
hours
Immediately available
Nutritionally balanced
Gastroenteritis greatly reduced |
From a publicity leaflet by the TIBS support group, Trinidad.
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Weaning a critical time for diarrhoea transmission
Infants are at greatest risk of diarrhoea when foods other than
breastmilk are first given. This is because during weaning infants are being
exposed to food-borne germs for the first time and they are losing the
protection of breastmilk which has anti-infective properties.
High levels of contamination are often found in animal milks and
traditional weaning foods, especially cereal gruels. Escherichia coli,
which causes at least 25 per cent of all diarrhoea in developing countries, is
commonly found in weaning food.
Feeding bottles and rubber teats, which are particularly difficult to clean,
are often breeding grounds for germs.
The need for infants older than 6 months to receive more than just
breastmilk in order to grow well, balanced against the risk that this will
result in diarrhoea, has been called 'the weaning dilemma'.
It is important for health workers to work with local communities to
identify and encourage safe weaning practices and to improve infants' nutrition to
increase their resistance to infections such as diarrhoea.
Improved weaning practices
Complementary foods should normally be started when a child is 6
months old. These may be started any time after 6 months of age, however, if the child is
not growing satisfactorily. Good weaning practices involve selecting nutritious foods and
using hygienic practices when preparing them.
The choice of complementary foods will depend on local patterns of diet
and agriculture, as well as on existing beliefs and practices. In addition to breastmilk
(or animal milk), soft mashed foods (e.g. cereals) should be given, to which some
vegetable oil (510 ml/serving) has been added.
Other foods, such as well cooked pulses and vegetables, should be given as the
diet is expanded. When possible, eggs, meat, fish and fruit should be also
given.
Off-page link
The international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes:
Frequently Asked Questions [Leaflet/Booklet]
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006
Better breastfeeding, healthier lives [whole issue]
March 2006
Weaning
Breastfeeding Resources
Breastfeeding Gateway
NHS Choices - Parenting Information
The Department of Health's latest online publications include pregnancy, your child's health from birth to five years, and information on feeding.
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Posters: Breastfeeding. The Essence of Life
438 kb
What everyone should know about breastfeeding*
“Improved breastfeeding alone could save the lives of more than 3,500 children every day, more than any other preventive intervention”
Innocenti Declaration 2005 on Infant and Young Child Feeding � UNICEF
* Based on Facts for Life, published by UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNDP, UNAIDS, WFP and the World Bank |
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Protecting, Promoting and Supporting Continued Breastfeeding from 6–24 +
Months: Issues, Politics, Policies & Action 6 pages 403 kb
The Joint Statement on Continued Breastfeeding was produced following the
WABA GBPM in October 2008 in response to shared concerns that breastfeeding
after 6 months has slipped off the policy and programme agenda. Action and
investment in improving complementary feeding or providing foods supplements
seems to be taking place with little consideration for supporting or
improving breastfeeding amongst 6 < 24+ month old children, despite
estimates that 20% of deaths in 12 < 24 month age group in developing
countries are due to lack of breastfeeding. The statement calls upon
everyone involved in improving the health and development of infants and
young children to take steps to ensure that continued breastfeeding 6-24+
months is protected, promoted and supported as the precondition for, and
foundation of, appropriate complementary feeding. Steps for action
encompassing communication, education and promotion; practical support;
breastfeeding as part of complementary feeding; definitions and monitoring;
addressing misinformation through marketing and special circumstances are
described.
Click
here for the statement.
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The following publications are from
LINKAGES
Project. Click
here for a
complete list of their publications.
24 Pages
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A Guide for Calculating the Benefits of Breastfeeding (BOB)
The guide offers detailed guidance for users of the “Policy Analysis
Tool for Calculating the Health, Child Spacing, and Economic
Benefits of Breastfeeding (BOB)” and identifies the main features of
the tool’s seven worksheets and the basis for calculations.
Author(s): J. Ross, V. Aguayo, H. Stiefel
Downloads Available:
English (313.1 KB) |
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A Policy Analysis Tool for Calculating the Health, Child
Spacing, and Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding (BOB)
This spreadsheet tool consists of seven worksheets: 1) introduction,
2) assumptions, 3) breastmilk production, 4) health, 5) survival, 6)
fertility, and 7) summary. The spreadsheets estimate the effects of
breastfeeding on a variety of functional outcomes with public policy
significance.
Author(s): J. Ross, V. Aguayo, H. Stiefel
Downloads Available:
English (110.5 KB) |
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19 Pages
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A Spreadsheet Model to Estimate the Effects of Different
Infant Feeding Strategies on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and
on Infant Mortality
This model was used to calculate results reported in: Ross JS,
Labbok MH. Modeling the effects of different infant feeding
strategies on young child survival and mother-to-child transmission
of HIV. Am J Pub Health 2004; 94:1175-1181. (This model is in
Microsoft Excel.)
Author(s): J. Ross, M. Labbok
Downloads Available:
English (467 KB) |
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36 Pages
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Antenatal, Postnatal and Child Health Book
This book was developed in Zambia to be given to pregnant and
breastfeeding mothers at antenatal and child health clinics.
Downloads Available:
English (2.34 MB) |
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81 Pages
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Behavior Change Communication for Improved Infant Feeding -
Training Module
Trains trainers in behavior change communication skills, training
techniques, and infant feeding. Includes field visits, practice
training, and action planning exercises.
Downloads Available:
English (1.06 MB) |
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Better Breastfeeding, Healthier Lives
Published by the INFO Report, this report describes how programs and
providers can help women improve breastfeeding practices.
Downloads Available:
English (706.53 KB) |
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8 Pages
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Birth, Initiation of Breastfeeding, and the First Seven Days
after Birth - Facts for Feeding
Identifies actions health care providers can take during the first
week postpartum to help the mother and baby establish and maintain
good breastfeeding practices.
Downloads Available:
English (96.08 KB)
French (62.84 KB)
Spanish (457.86 KB)
Portuguese (103.16 KB) |
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15 Pages
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Bolivia - Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding, Maternal
Nutrition and LAM Counseling Cards
These counseling cards were developed in collaboration with many
partners for the Altiplanto region of Bolivia.
Contributing Partner(s): Caritas Colivaiana, Plan International
Bolivia, USAID, Procosi, Servir, Project Concern, Desarolla Juvenil
Comunitario, Freedom from Hunger, Aprosar, Ministerio de Salud y
Prevension Social
Downloads Available:
Spanish (3.92 MB) |
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6 Pages
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Breastfeeding and HIV/ AIDS- Frequently Asked Questions
Reviews the latest information on the transmission of HIV via
breastfeeding and provides programmatic guidance for field
activities.
Downloads Available:
English (123.79 KB)
French (129.89 KB)
Spanish (199.03 KB)
Portuguese (130.35 KB) |
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6 Pages
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Breastfeeding and Maternal Nutrition- Frequently Asked
Questions
Focuses on the impact of maternal nutrition on breastmilk quantity
and quality, the nutritional requirements of lactating women, the
impact of breastfeeding on maternal health, and implications of this
information for programs.
Downloads Available:
English (121.56 KB)
French (127.66 KB)
Spanish (134.22 KB)
Portuguese (124.68 KB) |
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Breastfeeding Questions Answered: A Guide for Providers
This publication produced by the INFO Project provides answers to
questions frequently asked about breastfeeding.
Downloads Available:
English (314.66 KB) |
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8 Pages
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Breastmilk: A Critical Source of Vitamin A for Infants and
Young Children- Facts for Feeding
Recommends national, community, and household level practices to
improve vitamin A status of infants, young children, and pregnant
and lactating women.
Contributing Partner(s): Helen Keller International, HKI/ Africa,
the MOST Project
Downloads Available:
English (131.82 KB)
French (60.41 KB)
Spanish (121.69 KB)
Portuguese (105.02 KB) |
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90 Pages
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Can Marketing Of Multiple Vitamin/Mineral Supplements Reach
the Poor? The Vitald�a Project, Bolivia
Documents the qualitative research conducted for the development of
a multiple micronutrient supplement (VitalD�a) marketed to reach low
income women in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. It also presents results from
the baseline and final Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Behavior
(KAPB) studies conducted to assess the reach of the program among
women of reproductive age.
Author(s): S. Huffman
Downloads Available:
English (3.17 MB) |
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Care and Feeding of Young Children Discussion Guide
Illustrates ways of promoting growth and learning in young children
through everyday interactions between children and their caregivers
in rural Guatemala and urban Brazil.
Author(s): P. Engle
Downloads Available:
English (32.07 KB) |
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Celebrating Innocenti 1990-2005: Achievements, challenges
and future imperatives
This document was prepared for the 15th anniversary celebration of
the Innocenti declaration. It assesses the progress in achieving the
Innocenti targets, examines the current challenges and reinforces
the need to act rapidly in support of infant and young child
feeding.
Downloads Available:
English (473.01 KB) |
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30 Pages
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Community-Based Strategies for Breastfeeding Promotion and
Support in Developing Countries
WHO and LINKAGES examine the role of communities and community-based
resource persons in providing support to mothers who breastfeed.
This report is based on a review of the literature and an analysis
of three projects; it assesses the impact of interventions, the
mechanisms through which behaviors can be changed, and the factors
that are necessary to maximize and sustain the benefits of
interventions. (Hard copies of this publication can be obtained by
e-mailing WHO at [email protected])
Author(s): A. Morrow, WHO
Contributing Partner(s): LINKAGES
Downloads Available:
English (455.36 KB) |
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40 Pages
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Developmental Readiness of Normal Full Term Infants to
Progress from Exclusive Breastfeeding to the Introduction of
Complementary Foods: Reviews of the Relevant Literature
Summarizes evidence-based literature regarding the best age to
introduce complementary (semi-solid and solid) foods into the diet
of the breastfed infant.
Author(s): A. Naylor, ed. and A. Morrow, co-ed.
Contributing Partner(s): Wellstart International and the LINKAGES
Project
Downloads Available:
English (1.91 MB) |
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41 Pages
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East and Southern African Initiative - Nutrition for PLWHA
Counseling Cards
This set of 11x14" counseling cards was designed for counselors and
health workers to help them enhance nutrition couseling for people
living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) during individual or group counseling.
These include topics related to good nutrition and its importance,
preventing infection, physical activity and managing diet.
Contributing Partner(s): RCQHC, FANTA
Downloads Available:
English (1.88 MB) |
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70 Pages
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Essential Health Sector Actions to Improve Maternal
Nutrition in Africa
Identifies essential nutrition and health actions for pregnant and
lactating women that contribute to the achievement of five
nutrition-related outcomes.
Contributing Partner(s): The Regional Centre for Quality of Health
Care at Makerere University in Uganda, MOST Project, SARA Project,
SANA Project
Downloads Available:
English (505.58 KB) |
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8 Pages
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Essential Health Sector Actions to Improve Maternal
Nutrition in Africa (Summary)
Summary of 70 page paper, Essential Health Sector Actions to Improve
Maternal Nutrition in Africa.
Contributing Partner(s): The Regional Centre for Quality of Health
Care at Makerere University in Uganda, MOST Project, SARA Project,
SANA Project
Downloads Available:
English (188.43 KB)
French (486.73 KB) |
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57 Pages
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Essential Nutrition Actions - A Four Day Training Course for
Planners & Managers of Health & Nutrition Programs in Indonesia:
Training Guide
The purpose of this training is to prepare program managers and
pre-service instructors to train service providers in an
action-oriented approach to improve the nutrition of infants, young
children and women. (THE TRAINING MODULE DOES NOT INCLUDE: Handouts,
PowerPoints or Electronic References. To view the training module,
click on the link, "English" below; to view the Handouts for this
training, click
here; to view the PowerPoints, click
here; to view the Electronic References, click
here)
Downloads Available:
English (1.81 MB) |
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12 Pages
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Ethiopia - Counseling Cards for Fathers
These counseling cards were developed for use with fathers, to
encourage their support of breastfeeding and maternal nutrition.
They tell fathers what they can do during pregnancy and
breastfeeding to support the health of their wives.
Contributing Partner(s): Ethiopian MOH, CARE, CRS, World Vision,
REST, SC-USA, Concern, EHNRI
Downloads Available:
English (828.07 KB) |
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18 Pages
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Ethiopia - Counseling Tool on Infant Feeding Options for
PMTCT Sites
This counseling tool is to be used by health professionals working
in PMTCT sites for the purpose of counseling and demonstrating
recommended infant feeding options.
Contributing Partner(s): Ethiopian Ministry of Health
Downloads Available:
English (11.24 MB)
Amharic (1.5 MB) |
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4 Pages
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Exclusive Breastfeeding: The Only Water Source Young Infants
Need - Frequently Asked Questions
Discusses the nutritional and health consequences of giving infants
water during the first six months, and the role of breastfeeding in
meeting an infant’s water requirements. Also available in
Russian
Downloads Available:
English (123.65 KB)
French (123.07 KB)
Spanish (463.37 KB)
Portuguese (129.83 KB) |
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8 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Behavior Change Communication
Describes LINKAGES behavior change communication strategy, including
essential infant feeding behaviors, priority audiences, direct
messages, and supportive materials and media.
Downloads Available:
English (284.63 KB) |
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4 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Cost & Effectiveness
Describes the process LINKAGES' Madagascar program undertook to link
the costs of its interventions with the resultant changes in infant
feeding behaviors.
Downloads Available:
English (111.82 KB) |
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6 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Infant Feeding Assessments for PMTCT
Program Design
Describes the rapid assessment process and its application in the
LINKAGES Project’s PMTCT program in Zambia.
Downloads Available:
English (109.64 KB) |
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6 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Mainstreaming
Describes what mainstreaming means and how mainstreaming lends
itself to the replication, scale up, and sustainability of project
innovations.
Downloads Available:
English (173.13 KB) |
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6 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Policy Dialogue
Describes the conceptual framework for policy change, identifies the
main policy issues related to IYCF, discusses LINKAGES strategies to
address policy dialogue challenges, and summarizes lessons learned.
Downloads Available:
English (142.05 KB) |
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4 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Program Approach
Describes strategies, tools, and materials used by LINKAGES to
achieve results.
Downloads Available:
English (105.68 KB) |
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6 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Results
Reports on the project’s indicators and tools for measuring change,
the results achieved, and lessons learned in collecting infant
feeding data.
Downloads Available:
English (100.62 KB) |
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4 Pages
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Experience LINKAGES: Training Tools
Describes LINKAGES training modules, methodologies, and performance
monitoring tools.
Downloads Available:
English (90.86 KB) |
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EXPO LINKAGES
Please click on the Technical Initiatives link above to view slide
presentations from EXPO LINKAGES.
Downloads Available:
English (1.25 MB) |
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8 Pages
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Feeding Infants and Young Children During and After Illness
This Facts for Feeding describes optimal feeding behaviors during
and after illness, challenges of feeding during these times, special
considerations for common illnesses, and guidelines for counseling
caregivers.
Downloads Available:
English (95.18 KB) |
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8 Pages
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Feeding Low Birthweight Babies - Facts for Feeding
This most recent publication in the Facts for Feeding series
provides guidance on breastmilk feeding options to ensure that low
birth weight babies receive the attention needed to survive, grow,
and develop.
Downloads Available:
English (91.86 KB) |
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58 Pages
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Formative Research for Infant Feeding Programs: Skills and
Practice for Infant and Young Child Feeding and Maternal Nutrition
Trains participants to conduct formative research using effective
communication skills in order to collect information to plan and
improve programs.
Downloads Available:
English (393.29 KB) |
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16 Pages
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Ghana - Breastfeeding & Infant Feeding Counseling Cards
This set of eight counseling cards was developed to address infant
feeding problems found in northern Ghana. For further information on
the development of messages and materials in northern Ghana, see
this
case study (in PDF).
Contributing Partner(s): MOH Ghana, CRS, UNICEF, Ghana Red Cross
Downloads Available:
English (6.16 MB) |
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18 Pages
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Ghana - Breastfeeding & Infant Feeding Counseling Cards for
Grandmothers and TBAs
These counseling cards were developed to share breastfeeding and
infant feeding messages with grandmothers and traditional birth
attendants (TBAs) in Ghana.
Contributing Partner(s): Ghana MOH, CRS, UNICEF, Ghana Red Cross
Downloads Available:
English (1.16 MB) |
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4 Pages
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Guidelines for Appropriate Complementary Feeding of
Breastfed Children 6-24 months of Age
Provides feeding guidelines for children 6 to 24 months of age.
Downloads Available:
English (86.04 KB)
French (54.4 KB)
Spanish (450.3 KB)
Portuguese (91.69 KB) |
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36 Pages
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HIV and Infant Feeding: A Chronology of Research and Policy
Advances and Their Implications for Programs
Informs program managers and others about major advances in the
study of HIV and infant feeding and the policy responses to these
findings.
Author(s): E. Piwoz, E. Preble
Contributing Partner(s): SARA Project
Downloads Available:
English (290.31 KB)
French (180.89 KB) |
|
| |
47 Pages
|
HIV and Infant Feeding: Knowledge, Gaps and Challenges for
the Future
A 2004 PowerPoint presentation on mother-to-child transmission of
HIV and timing of HIV transmission; overview of postnatal HIV
transmission risk factors; results of efforts to quantify risks of
different infant feeding strategies using a simulation model;
current and planned field trials of interventions to prevent MTCT
through breastfeeding; discussion of future challenges. (To view the
notes, first open the Powerpoint, then go to the Edit menu, then
choose Edit Slides.)
Author(s): E. Piwoz and J. Ross
Contributing Partner(s): SARA Project
Downloads Available:
English (1.18 MB) |
|
| |
74 Pages
|
Improving Breastfeeding Behaviors: Evidence from Two Decades
of Intervention Research
Summarizes available research on specific interventions intended to
improve four key breastfeeding behaviors.
Author(s): C. Green
Downloads Available:
English (437.93 KB) |
|
| |
 |
Improving Breastfeeding Practices on a Broad Scale at the
Community Level: Success Stories From Africa and Latin America
Large-scale community-level behavior change programs designed to
improve breastfeeding practices were implemented in Bolivia, Ghana,
and Madagascar. This study describes success stories from these
various areas.
Downloads Available:
English (125.86 KB) |
|
| |
38 Pages
|
India - CARE Breastfeeding Counseling Cards
These counseling cards produced by CARE were used for house visits
in India.
Contributing Partner(s): CARE
Downloads Available:
English (2.17 MB) |
|
| |
35 Pages
|
India - CRS Counseling Cards
This set of 15 13x10" counseling cards was used during community
breastfeeding promotion activities in India by CRS.
Contributing Partner(s): CRS
Downloads Available:
English (1.48 MB) |
|
| |
25 Pages
|
India - CRS Counseling Cards
This set of 11 counseling cards in Hindi was used by CRS during
community breastfeeding promotion activities. No English translation
is available.
Contributing Partner(s): CRS
Downloads Available:
English (2.12 MB) |
|
| |
38 Pages
|
India - CRS Flashcards on Breastfeeding and Maternal
Nutrition (Hindi)
These 20 flashcards were used to encourage maternal nutrition in the
Lucknow Zone, in India. No translation of the Hindi scripts is
available.
Contributing Partner(s): CRS
Downloads Available:
English (2.16 MB) |
|
| |
59 Pages
|
India - CRS Flashcards on Breastfeeding and Maternal
Nutrition (Telugu)
These 30 flashcards were used to encourage maternal nutrition in the
Hyderabad zone, in India. No English translation of the Telugu is
available at this time.
Contributing Partner(s): CRS
Downloads Available:
English (6.87 MB) |
|
| |
38 Pages
|
India - World Vision Breastfeeding Counseling Cards
These counseling cards were developed in collaboration with World
Vision to provide age-specific messages on infant feeding. No
English translation is available.
Contributing Partner(s): World Vision
Downloads Available:
English (2.39 MB) |
|
| |
156 Pages
|
Infant and Young Child Feeding: A Tool for Assessing
National Practices, Policies and Programmes
This three-part tool is designed to help users assess the strengths
and weaknesses of policies and programs for protecting, promoting
and supporting optimal feeding practices, and determine where
improvements may be needed to meet the aim and objectives of the
Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Requests for
permission to reproduce or translate the tool should be addressed to
WHO Publications, email:
[email protected] (See
our other program tools)
Downloads Available:
English (1.46 MB) |
|
| |
56 Pages
|
Infant Feeding in Emergencies, Module 1: for emergency
relief staff
This infant feeding in emergencies module prepares all emergency
relief staff, both international and locally recruited, to safeguard
maternal and child health in emergencies by ensuring appropriate
infant feeding. It is appropriate for decision-makers, regional
managers, logistics officers, camp administrators, and all whose
work involves care for mothers and children. LINKAGES contributed to
the interagency working group on Infant Feeding in Emergencies and
the UN Sub Committee on Nutrition Working Group on Emergencies to
prepare this module which can be obtained by visiting the Emergency
Nutrition Network website,
http://www.ennonline.net/ife/index.html.
Contributing Partner(s): UN Sub Committee on Nutrition Working Group
on Emergencies
Downloads Available:
No downloads available |
|
| |
59 Pages
|
Infant Feeding in Emergencies, Module 2 version 1.0
This module aims to provide health and nutrition workers with the
basic knowledge and skills to help both breastfeeding and
artificially feeding women. The intended audience is health and
nutrition workers who are directly concerned with the care of
mothers/caregivers and infants. The module can be obtained by
visiting the Emergency Nutrition Network website,
http://www.ennonline.net/ife/module2/index.html.
Contributing Partner(s): ENN, IBFAN, Terre des hommes, UNICEF, UNHCR,
WHO, WFP
Downloads Available:
No downloads available |
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| |
 |
Infant Feeding Key Indicator Monitoring Manual
This manual is designed to permit organizations to carry out routine
monitoring of key infant feeding behaviors: Exclusive Breastfeeding,
Timely Initiation of Breastfeeding, and Timely Complementary
Feeding.
Downloads Available:
English (808.89 KB) |
|
| |
25 Pages
|
Infant Feeding Options in the Context of HIV
This document identifies the specific behaviors required of a mother
or caregiver to act upon the infant feeding recommendations and
informed choice policy of WHO, UNICEF, UNAIDS, and UNFPA.
Downloads Available:
English (447.88 KB) |
|
| |
186 Pages
|
Integrated Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
and Support for Infant Feeding: Community Motivators Course
The LINKAGES basic course on Integrated Prevention of
Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and Support for Infant
Feeding (for community motivators) is designed to provide community
motivators with a basic understanding of HIV facts and prevention,
mechanisms of MTCT, current MTCT risk reduction interventions, and
infant and young child feeding in the context of PMTCT. The course
also reviews nutritional recommendations for pregnant women and new
mothers in areas affected by HIV.
Downloads Available:
English (1.14 MB) |
|
| |
265 Pages
|
Integrated Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
and Support for Infant Feeding: Health Providers Course
The LINKAGES basic course on Integrated Prevention of
Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and Support for Infant
Feeding (for health providers) is designed to give clinic-based
health personnel and supervisors a basic understanding of HIV facts
and prevention, mechanisms of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of
HIV, current MTCT risk reduction interventions, and infant feeding
in the context of HIV. The course also reviews nutritional
recommendations for pregnant women and new mothers in areas affected
by HIV and AIDS.
Downloads Available:
English (2.85 MB) |
|
| |
105 Pages
|
Interventions to Improve Breastfeeding Behaviors: Detailed
Summaries of 51 Studies
Provides brief summaries of the available research from 51 studies
on specific interventions intended to influence four key
breastfeeding behaviors.
Author(s): C. Green
Downloads Available:
English (356.04 KB) |
|
| |
39 Pages
|
Jordan - Breastfeeding & LAM Flipchart
.
Contributing Partner(s): Jordanian Ministry of Health
Downloads Available:
Arabic (3.1 MB) |
|
| |
107 Pages
|
LAM (Lactational Amenorrhea Method): A Modern Postpartum
Contraceptive Method for Women Who Breastfeed- Training Module for
Health and Family Planning Service Providers
Provides information and activities to train health care personnel
and community health workers to provide LAM within their child
health, reproductive health, or family planning services.
Downloads Available:
English (533.85 KB)
French (636.36 KB)
Spanish (581.24 KB) |
|
| |
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LAM CD for Program Planners: An interactive multimedia
resource on the Lactational Amenorrhea Method
Contains related publications, a policy/advocacy slide presentation,
IEC materials, M&E tools, and training modules.
Click here to
view the CD
Downloads Available:
No downloads available |
|
| |
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LINKAGES Country Programs: What Worked and How We Did It
This plenary presentation from EXPO LINKAGES highlights activities
from the project's various country programs.
Downloads Available:
English (3.52 MB) |
|
| |
131 Pages
|
LINKAGES Zambia 1997-2005 Final Report
A full report on LINKAGES infant feeding and HIV/AIDS programs in
Zambia.
Downloads Available:
English (3.03 MB) |
|
| |
32 Pages
|
LINKAGES/Ghana Project 1997-2004 Final Report
Final report on LINKAGES' Ghana Country Program.
Downloads Available:
English (202.56 KB) |
|
| |
6 Pages
|
L’Allaitement Maternel et la Nutrition Maternelle- Fiche De
Questions Pos�es Fr�quemment
Cette fiche fait partie d’une s�rie de publications sur des
questions pos�es fr�quemment concernant des th�mes dont traite le
Projet LINKAGES. Le pr�sent num�ro se penche sur l’impact que
comporte la nutrition maternelle sur la quantit� et la qualit� du
lait maternel, les besoins nutritionnels de la femme qui allaite,
l’impact de l’allaitement maternel sur la sant� de la m�re et les
implications de cette information pour les programmes.
Downloads Available:
French (127.66 KB) |
|
| |
6 Pages
|
Madagascar - LAM Counseling Cards
These two 9x12" counseling cards were used at community meetings and
health clinics to promote LAM as a method of family planning (in
English and Malagasy).
Contributing Partner(s): JSI, BASICS, UNICEF, Peace Corps, ADRA,
Seecaline
Downloads Available:
English (720.17 KB) |
|
| |
59 Pages
|
Madagascar Story
This publication documents the major elements of the LINKAGES-AED
program in Madagascar. It is useful to planners and programmers
interested in improving breastfeeding and other nutritional
practices at large scale.
Downloads Available:
English (2.3 MB)
French (2.06 MB) |
|
| |
63 Pages
|
Manual de Lactancia Materna
This Spanish manual serves as a reference and counseling guide for
health care personnel and community health workers promoting
breastfeeding and LAM, a postpartum contraceptive method for women
who breastfeed.
Contributing Partner(s): Institute for Reproductive Health, La Leche
League Honduras, UNICEF, USAID, Wellstart International
Downloads Available:
Spanish (2.98 MB) |
|
| |
6 Pages
|
Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation: Dietary
Guide
This document attempts to help health workers translate general
recommendations for increased nutrient requirements into individual
dietary and behavioral changes for mothers. It also attempts to
assist programs in the development of appropriate protocols and
counseling materials on maternal nutrition.
Contributing Partner(s): CORE Group
Downloads Available:
English (1.15 MB) |
|
| |
99 Pages
|
Maternal Nutrition: Issues and Interventions (A
Computer-based Slide Presentation for Advancing Maternal Nutrition)
Presentation Slides with Notes
Offers information to help nutrition advocates influence
policy-makers and program planners to address maternal
undernutrition. (To view the notes, first open the Powerpoint, then
go to the Edit menu, then choose Edit Slides.)
Downloads Available:
English (1.17 MB)
French (1.4 MB)
Spanish (1.66 MB) |
|
| |
6 Pages
|
Meeting the Iron Requirements of Infants and Young Children
Discusses the causes and consequences of iron deficiencies in
infants and young children (less than 2 years old) and recommends
actions to prevent and treat it.
Downloads Available:
English (74.38 KB)
Portuguese (174.63 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
Mother-to-Mother Support for Breastfeeding- Frequently Asked
Questions
Focuses on a support group method where experienced breastfeeding
mothers model optimal breastfeeding practices, share information and
experiences, and offer support to other women in an atmosphere of
trust and respect. (This publication is also available in
Russian.)
Downloads Available:
English (102.7 KB)
French (128.3 KB)
Spanish (106.96 KB) |
|
| |
48 Pages
|
Mother-to-Mother Support Group Methodology and Infant
Feeding (Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding): Training of
Trainers
Prepares participants to train health care providers or
community-based volunteers to organize and facilitate
mother-to-mother support groups on infant feeding. To view the
Chinese version of this training module, click
here. (The Chinese version was translated by Chia-Wen Lee, PhD,
Huei-Man Lai, MA, and Shu-Fang Wang, MSc.)
Downloads Available:
English (1.36 MB)
Spanish (544.73 KB) |
|
| |
8 Pages
|
Nacimiento, iniciaci�n de la lactancia materna y los
primeros siete d�as despu�s del nacimiento- Datos importantes sobre
alimentac�on
Aproximadamente entre una cuarta parte y la mitad de las muertes
durante el primer a�o de vida ocurren en la primera semana. Muchas
de las intervenciones que mejorar�n la salud y la supervivencia de
los reci�n nacidos tienen un costo relativamente bajo y es factible
implementarlas. Una de ellas es la lactancia materna inmediata y
exclusiva. Esta intervenci�n tambi�n puede ayudar a las mujeres al
minimizar la hemorragia que tiene lugar inmediatamente despu�s del
parto, una de las causas m�s comunes de mortalidad materna.
Downloads Available:
Spanish (451.84 KB) |
|
| |
33 Pages
|
Nepal - Maternal Nutrition & Breastfeeding Counseling Cards
These counseling cards were used in Nepal to promote messages on
breastfeeding, complementary feeding and maternal nutrition.
Downloads Available:
English (1.87 MB) |
|
| |
20 Pages
|
Nutrition Job Aids: Regions with High HIV Prevalence
LINKAGES and its partners developed nutrition protocols to remind
workers of information to be shared and procedures to be followed at
six contact points with mothers: 1) antenatal, 2) immediate
postpartum, 3) postpartum and family planning, 4) immunization, 5)
growth monitoring/well child, and 6) sick child consultations. This
protocol covers such topics as infant and young child feeding,
micronutrient supplementation, and maternal nutrition, specifically
for regions of high HIV prevalence.
Contributing Partner(s): RCQHC, REDSO/ESA, BASICS, UNICEF, WHO
Downloads Available:
English (160.85 KB) |
|
| |
15 Pages
|
Nutrition Job Aids: Regions with Low HIV Prevalence
LINKAGES and its partners developed nutrition protocols to remind
workers of information to be shared and procedures to be followed at
six contact points with mothers: 1) antenatal, 2) immediate
postpartum, 3) postpartum and family planning, 4) immunization, 5)
growth monitoring/well child, and 6) sick child consultations. This
protocol covers such topics as infant and young child feeding,
micronutrient supplementation, and maternal nutrition, specifically
for regions of low HIV prevalence.
Contributing Partner(s): RCQHC, REDSO/ESA, BASICS, UNICEF, WHO
Downloads Available:
English (161.42 KB) |
|
| |
43 Pages
|
Packaged Foods for Complementary Feeding: Marketing
Challenges and Opportunities
Examines strategies for using packaged complementary foods to
improve the nutritional well being of young children in developing
countries.
Author(s): R. Porter, L. Shafritz
Downloads Available:
English (113.9 KB) |
|
| |
 |
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV
Communication Guide for Health Workers
This guide, developed in Zambia, provides information that health
workers can use to communicate with mothers and community members on
PMTCT and infant and young child feeding. It also gives
communication tips for promoting and supporting healthy behaviors.
Downloads Available:
English (5.54 MB) |
|
| |
80 Pages
|
Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Asia:
Practical Guidance for Programs
Provides technical information, program guidelines, and a basis for
policy dialogue and coordination for preventing MTCT in
resource-constrained settings common in Asia.
Author(s): E. Piwoz and E. Preble
Contributing Partner(s): The Academy for Educational Development's
Center for Nutrition and Family Health
Downloads Available:
English (616.07 KB) |
|
| |
60 Pages
|
Promoting the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) in Jordan
Increases Modern Contraception Use in the Extended Postpartum Period
This report assess the impact of LAM on continued modern method use
applying a survey conducted among 3,183 women in 11 child health
centers in Jordan
Downloads Available:
English (2.39 MB) |
|
| |
182 Pages
|
Quantifying the Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Summary of the
Evidence
Presents an annotated bibliography of more than 180 studies that
provide scientific and epidemiological evidence in support of the
World Health Organization’s and UNICEF’s Global Strategy for Infant
and Young Child Feeding. (The printed Spanish version of this
publication is not currently available. La versi�n impreso en
espa�ol no est� disponible ahora.)
Author(s): N. Le�n-Cava, J. Ross, C. Lutter, L. Martin
Contributing Partner(s): Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Downloads Available:
English (2.03 MB)
Spanish (539.84 KB) |
|
| |
 |
Questionnaire from BOLIVIA Community Assessment of Infant
Feeding Practices
LINKAGES and its PROCOSI partners in Bolivia used this survey form
to gather information on infant feeding practices among mothers of
infants less than 12 months old.
Downloads Available:
Spanish (124 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from ETHIOPIA Community Assessment of
Essential Nutrition Actions and Other Health Behaviors
LINKAGES and the ESHE Project used these 4 survey forms in Ethiopia
for household interviews and interviews with mothers of infants 0–11
months, 12–23 months, and 24–59 months old. The program in Ethiopia
was within a broad nutrition and child survival context which is
reflected in the surveys.
Downloads Available:
English (104 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from GHANA Community Assessment of
Breastfeeding Knowledge and Behavior
LINKAGES and its partners in Ghana collected information on infant
feeding knowledge and practice among mothers of infants less than 12
months old, fathers, and grandmothers.
Downloads Available:
English (116.62 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from MADAGASCAR Community Assessment of
Essential Nutrition Actions and Other Health Behaviors
LINKAGES and its partners in Madagascar developed questionnaires for
mothers of children 0–5 months, 6–11 months, 12–23 months old. The
program in Madagascar was within a broad nutrition and child
survival context which is reflected in the surveys.
Downloads Available:
English (108.36 KB)
French (108.31 KB)
Malagasy (108.81 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from TANZANIA Integrated PMTCT Community
Survey
LINKAGES and its partners in Tanzania developed a questionnaire for
mothers of infants less than 12 months old on infant feeding
practices, reproductive health, and HIV. A questionnaire for adults
in the community focused on HIV knowledge, attitudes, and practices;
use of HIV counseling and testing services, and attitudes on
mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Downloads Available:
English (102.56 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from ZAMBIA Baseline Prior to PMTCT Media
Campaign
LINKAGES and the District Health Management Board in Zambia
conducted a baseline survey prior to launching Act Now!, a media
campaign. The survey form was used with mothers of infants less than
12 months old and included questions about antenatal care and infant
feeding practices and knowledge about mother-to-child transmission
of HIV. .
Downloads Available:
English (88.35 KB) |
|
| |
|
|
Questionnaires from ZAMBIA Integrated Infant Feeding and HIV
Counseling Program
As part of the Ndola Demonstration Project, LINKAGES developed
clinic and community-based surveys to gather information on infant
feeding practices, knowledge of mother-to-child transmission of HIV,
and use of HIV services. Questionnaires were designed for use with
pregnant women, mothers of infants 0–5 months and 6–11 months of
age, and adults in the community.
Downloads Available:
English (273.45 KB) |
|
| |
35 Pages
|
Recommended Feeding and Dietary Practices to Improve Infant
and Maternal Nutrition
This paper identifies a set of recommended feeding and dietary
practices to break cycles of poor health and nutrition that pass
from generation to generation. It also provides the scientific
evidence to support the recommendations.
Downloads Available:
English (259.68 KB)
French (635.18 KB)
Spanish (1.01 MB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
Recommended Practices to Improve Infant Nutrition during the
First Six Months- Facts for Feeding
Provides infant feeding guidelines for the first six months of life.
Provides guidelines for activities appropriate to local conditions.
Downloads Available:
English (76.48 KB)
French (78.34 KB)
Spanish (100.71 KB)
Portuguese (88.06 KB) |
|
| |
 |
Seeing is believing: Mobilizing community support for
breastfeeding in Ghana
This article was originally published in nutrition magazine and is
included here with permission of NutritionWorks, which retains full
copyright. The magazine is available at the
nutrition website
Downloads Available:
English (4.59 MB) |
|
| |
2 Pages
|
Spotlight on LAM Users: Transition to Other Modern Methods
of Contraception after Six Months Postpartum
Provides reproductive health and maternal and child health programs
with new information (from a 2004 LINKAGES study in Jordan) to
advocate for the offering of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)
as a means to increase use of effective birth spacing methods and
optimal infant feeding practices.
Downloads Available:
English (78.31 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
Spotlight on PMTCT: Reducing Mother-to-Child Transmission of
HIV among Women who Breastfeed
The purpose of this issue of Spotlight is to provide decision
makers, program managers, and health workers with guidance on how to
support HIV-positive mothers who choose to breastfeed so that they
can minimize the risk of transmission and protect their own health
and the health of their infant. For many HIV-positive mothers in
resource-limited settings, breastfeeding is the only or the safest
infant feeding strategy available.
Downloads Available:
English (88.22 KB)
French (94.43 KB)
Portuguese (102.5 KB) |
|
| |
2 Pages
|
Spotlight on Replacement Feeding: Transition to Replacement
Feeding by HIV-Positive Women Who Breastfeed
Many gaps remain in our knowledge of the risks associated with
various infant feeding strategies under different conditions. This
guidance, based on the best information currently available, is for
HIV-positive women who choose to transition from breastfeeding to
replacement feeding at about 6 months.
Downloads Available:
English (66.83 KB)
French (162.57 KB)
Portuguese (73.92 KB) |
|
| |
 |
Successful Community Nutrition Programming: Lessons from
Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
This report brings together the main findings of a series of
assessments of successful community nutrition programming carried
out in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda between 1999 and 2000.
Downloads Available:
English (1.8 MB) |
|
| |
 |
Successfully Scaling-Up Exclusive Breastfeeding: Lessons
from Madagascar
This first CHNRI
Research Brief reports on LINKAGES' activities in Madagascar that
uses an integrated approach to improve breastfeeding rates.
Downloads Available:
English (280.83 KB) |
|
| |
50 Pages
|
The Case for Promoting Multiple Vitamin/ Mineral Supplements
for Women of Reproductive Age in Developing Countries
Provides guidance on reference standards, the selection of
appropriate nutrients and their quantities, and the purchasing of
appropriate supplements for pregnant women and women of reproductive
age in developing countries.
Author(s): S. Huffman, J. Baker, J. Shumann, E. Zehner
Downloads Available:
English (711.77 KB)
French (612.13 KB)
Spanish (967.42 KB) |
|
| |
6 Pages
|
The Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)- Frequently Asked
Questions
Focuses on LAM as a modern, temporary family planning method for
women who breastfeed, and is addressed to the child survival and
family planning health care providers.
Downloads Available:
English (234.86 KB)
French (124.19 KB)
Spanish (105 KB) |
|
| |
105 Pages
|
Training Methodologies and Principles of Adult Learning:
Application for Training in Infant and Young Child Nutrition and
Related Topics
The purpose of this training module is to strengthen the capacity of
facilitators/trainers to plan, organize, and conduct training of
health care workers who implement programs in infant and young child
feeding, essential nutrition actions, the lactational amennorhea
method, and/or prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Downloads Available:
English (472.81 KB) |
|
| |
 |
USAID's Investment in IYCF: LINKAGES Achievements and
Results
The opening plenary presenation of EXPO LINKAGES.
Downloads Available:
English (1.89 MB) |
|
| |
54 Pages
|
Using the Essential Nutrition Actions to Improve the
Nutrition of Women and Children in Ethiopia, including under
Situations of Emergencies and HIV and AIDS: Training Guide
This Trainer’s Guide is intended to equip senior health instructors
and planners in Ethiopia with the basic theory and technical update
to design and implement the Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA)
approach, or to train others to do so. (THE TRAINING MODULE DOES NOT
INCLUDE: Handouts, PowerPoints or Electronic References. To view the
training module, click on the link, "English" below; to view the
Handouts for this training, click
here; to view the PowerPoints, click
here; to view the Electronic References, click
here)
Downloads Available:
English (418.24 KB) |
|
| |
108 Pages
|
Women’s Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle and in the
Context of HIV and AIDS
The purpose of this module is to explore issues regarding women’s
nutrition: women’s nutritional status, causes of malnutrition, the
effects of malnutrition on the intergenerational life cycle, the
consequences of inadequate weight and height, micronutrient
deficiencies, and interventions to improve women’s nutrition. The
module also addresses the synergistic relationship between nutrition
and HIV infection, the nutritional requirements of HIV-positive
pregnant or lactating women and adolescent girls, and nutritional
care and support of HIV-positive women.
Downloads Available:
English (535.61 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: Africa Regional PMTCT and IYCF Program
Describes LINKAGES' program with national, regional, and
international partners that promoted and facilitated PMTCT policies
and programs and built capacity to integrate optimal IYCF into
existing maternal and child health and community PMTCT services.
Downloads Available:
English (109.96 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: Bolivia
Describes LINKAGES' infant and young child feeding activities with
PROCOSI, a network of local and international health organizations
in Bolivia (1998-2003).
Downloads Available:
English (147.3 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: East and Southern Africa
Describes LINKAGES' regional activities with The Regional Centre for
Quality Health Care in Uganda, and the East, Central, and Southern
Africa Health Community Secretariat in Tanzania.
Downloads Available:
English (110.8 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: Ethiopia
Describes LINKAGES' essential nutrition actions program with the
Ministry of Health and other local partners in Ethiopia.
Downloads Available:
English (122.17 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: Ghana
Describes LINKAGES' breastfeeding promotion and protection
activities with the Ghana Health Service and other local partners in
Ghana (1997-2004).
Downloads Available:
English (133.78 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: India
Describes LINKAGES' infant feeding and maternal nutrition program
initiatives with CARE, Catholic Relief Service, and World Vision in
India (April 1997-June 2004).
Downloads Available:
English (183.72 KB) |
|
| |
4 Pages
|
World LINKAGES: Jordan
Describes LINKAGES' country program activities with the Ministry of
Health to integrate LAM into health care facilities in Jordan.
(March 1998 - March 2004)
Downloads Available:
English (138.02 KB) |
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4 Pages
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World LINKAGES: Madagascar
Describes LINKAGES' essential nutrition actions program in
Madagascar.
Downloads Available:
English (120.94 KB)
French (522.48 KB) |
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4 Pages
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World LINKAGES: Zambia
Describes LINKAGES' infant feeding and HIV programs with central and
district health, AIDS, and nutrition agencies in Zambia.
Downloads Available:
English (72.08 KB) |
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pdf 151 pages 1.9 mb - 